Accumulator-Based BIST Approach for Stuck-Open and Delay Fault Testing
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I n t h i s p a p e r a n o v e l a c c u m u l a t o r b a s e d B u i l t I n S e l f T e s t ( B I S T ) m e t h o d f o r C o m p l e t e T w o P a t t e r n T e s t G e n e r a t i o n i s p r e s e n t e d . C o m p l e t e T w o P a t t e r n T e s t i n g h a s b e e n p r o p o s e d f o r s t u c k o p e n a n d d e l a y t e s t i n g . T h e p r o p o s e d s c h e m e i s v e r y a t t r a c t i v e f o r a w i d e r a n g e o f c i r c u i t s b a s e d o n d a t a p a t h a r c h i t e c t u r e s w i t h a r i t h m e t i c u n i t s , o r w i t h a c c u m u l a t o r s c o n t a i n i n g b i n a r y a d d e r s . O u r m e t h o d g e n e r a t e s a l l 2 n ( 2 n 1 ) d i s t i n c t t w o p a t t e r n p a i r s f o r a n i n p u t C i r c u i t U n d e r T e s t w i t h i n 2 n ( 2 n 1 ) c l o c k c y c l e s . T h e p r o p o s e d m e t h o d c a n b e e a s i l y m o d i e d t o g e n e r a t e C o m p l e t e T w o P a t t e r n T e s t s f o r c i r c u i t s h a v i n g k , ( k < n ) i n p u t s , w i t h i n 2 k :( 2 k 1 ) c l o c k c y c l e s . T h u s , t h i s m e t h o d i s w e l l s u i t e d f o r c i r c u i t s c o n s i s t i n g o f s e v e r a l m o d u l e s w i t h d i e r e n t n u m b e r o f i n p u t s . 1 I n t r o d u c t i o n B u i l t I n S e l f T e s t ( B I S T ) t e c h n i q u e s a r e c o m m o n l y u s e d t o s o l v e t h e d i c u l t p r o b l e m o f t e s t i n g V L S I c i r c u i t s a n d s y s t e m s [ 1 ] . I n a c o n v e n t i o n a l t e s t i n g e n v i r o n m e n t w h e r e t e s t i n g i s d o n e b y e x p e n s i v e t e s t e r s , t e s t d u r a t i o n i s o f c o n s i d e r a b l e i m p o r t a n c e . I n a B I S T e n v i r o n m e n t , a l l s t a g e s o f t e s t i n g c a n b e c a r r i e d o u t b y r e l a t i v e l y s i m p l e a n d i n e x p e n s i v e t e s t e r s , t h e r e f o r e m u c h l o n g e r t e s t s a r e a c c e p t a b l e , p r o v i d e d t h e y h e l p i n d e t e c t i n g a v e r y l a r g e c l a s s o f p h y s i c a l f a i l u r e s . E x h a u s t i v e t e s t i n g i s m a i n l y t a r g e t e d t o w a r d s s i n g l e a n d m u l t i p l e s t u c k a t f a u l t s a s w e l l a s s o m e b r i d g i n g f a u l t s . H o w e v e r , a l a r g e c l a s s o f p h y s i c a l d e f e c t s d o n o t m a p i n t o t h e s e f a u l t c a t e g o r i e s [ 2 ] . A d e l a y f a u l t d o e s n o t a e c t t h e s t e a d y s t a t e o p e r a t i o n , b u t m a y c a u s e c i r c u i t m a l f u n c t i o n a t c l o c k s p e e d . A t r a n s i s t o r s t u c k o p e n f a u l t i n a C M O S c i r c u i t c a n c o n v e r t a c o m b i n a t i o n a l C U T i n t o a s e q u e n t i a l o n e . D e t e c t i o n o f t h e s e f a u l t s r e q u i r e s t w o p a t t e r n t e s t i n g . E x h a u s t i v e t e s t i n g f o r s t u c k o p e n a n d d e l a y f a u l t s l e a d s t o C o m p l e t e T w o P a t t e r n T e s t i n g . D u r i n g C o m p l e t e T w o P a t t e r n T e s t i n g o f a n i n p u t C i r c u i t U n d e r T e s t ( C U T ) , h e r e a f t e r d e n o t e d a s ( C T P T n ) , a l l p o s s i b l e 2 n i n p u t v e c t o r s a r e a p p l i e d , e a c h f o l l o w e d b y a l l 2 n 1 r e m a i n i n g v e c t o r s . I n t h e l i t e r a t u r e s e v e r a l t e c h n i q u e s h a v e b e e n p r o p o s e d f o r C T P T g e n e r a t i o n [ 3 6 ] . P s e u d o E x h a u s t i v e T r a n s i t i o n T e s t i n g , P E T T , p r o p o s e d b y S t a r k e , [ 3 ] u s e s a 2 n s t a g e N o n L i n e a r F e e d b a c k S h i f t R e g i s t e r N F S R , w i t h a l t e r n a t e s t a g e s c o n n e c t e d t o t h e n i n p u t s o f t h e C U T , a n d c a n g e n e r a t e e i t h e r a C T P T n w i t h i n 2 2 n 1 c y c l e s , o r v e c t o r p a i r s b a s e d o n a p r e c o m p u t e d t w o p a t t e r n t e s t . V u k s i c a n d F u c h s [ 4 ] p r o p o s e t h e u s e o f a M u l t i p l e I n p u t S h i f t R e g i s t e r ( M I S R ) i n o r d e r t o g e n e r a t e t w o p a t t e r n t e s t s . T h r e e a p p r o a c h e s h a v e b e e n p r o p o s e d . A c c o r d i n g t o t h e r s t a p p r o a c h t h e M I S R a c c e p t s o n l y t h e a l l z e r o a n d a l l o n e i n p u t s , a n d f o r e a c h o f t h e s e t w o i n p u t s r u n s f o r 2 n 1 c y c l e s . T h i s a p p r o a c h g i v e s g o o d P a t h D e l a y F a u l t C o v e r a g e ( P D F C ) f o r n o n r o b u s t f a u l t s ( o v e r 8 5 % ) w h i l e f o r r o b u s t f a u l t s , t h e v a l u e o f P D F C i s c o n s i d e r a b l y l o w e r . A c c o r d i n g t o t h e s e c o n d a p p r o a c h , t h e M I S R a c c e p t s a l l 2 n i n p u t s . A c c o r d i n g t o t h e t h i r d a p p r o a c h , t h e M I S R a c c e p t s i n p u t s c a l c u l a t e d u s i n g t h e c l i q u e c o v e r i n g a l g o r i t h m , i n o r d e r t o p r o d u c e a l l v e c t o r p a i r s t h a t b e l o n g t o a g i v e n t e s t s e t . C h e n a n d G u p t a [ 5 ] p r o v i d e d a l g o r i t h m s f o r c h o o s i n g ( t a p p i n g ) s t a g e s o f a L i n e a r F e e d b a c k S h i f t R e g i s t e r ( L F S R ) o r a C e l l u l a r A u t o m a t o n ( C A ) , i n o r d e r t o a c h i e v e m a x i m a l p a t t e r n p a i r c o v e r a g e . A s m e n t i o n e d i n [ 5 ] , a t l e a s t 2 n s t a g e s a r e r e q u i r e d i n o r d e r t o a c h i e v e C T P T . A p a r t f r o m t h e a b o v e , F u r u y a a n d M c C l u s k e y [ 6 ] i n v e s t i g a t e d t h e t r a n s i t i o n c o v e r a g e o f L F S R b a s e d s c h e m e s . A l l u p t o n o w p r o p o s e d m e t h o d s i n t h e o p e n l i t e r a t u r e , u s e s o m e f o r m o f L F S R , N F S R o r C A i n o r d e r t o g e n e r a t e C T P T . I n t h i s p a p e r a n e w t e c h n i q u e f o r C T P T g e n e r a t i o n i s p r o p o s e d , t h a t g e n e r a t e s a l l 2 n ( 2 n 1 ) v e c t o r p a i r s n e e d e d f o r C T P T n w i t h i n 2 n ( 2 n 1 ) c y c l e s . T h e c i r c u i t r y u s e d i s ( a ) a n b i t a c c u m u l a t o r c o n s i s t i n g o f a n b i t b i n a r y a d d e r a n d a n b i t r e g i s t e r , ( b ) a n b i t c o u n t e r a n d ( c ) a c o n t r o l l o g i c . T h e s c h e m e i s v e r y a t t r a c t i v e f o r a w i d e r a n g e o f c i r c u i t s b a s e d o n d a t a p a t h a r c h i t e c t u r e s w i t h a c c u m u l a t o r s c o n t a i n i n g b i n a r y a d d e r s o r a r i t h m e t i c l o g i c u n i t s t h a t c a n p e r f o r m b i n a r y a d d i t i o n [ 8 ] , [ 9 ] . A s s u m i n g t h e a v a i l a b i l i t y o f t h e a c c u m u l a t o r , t h e a d d i t i o n a l l o g i c r e q u i r e d t o i m p l e m e n t t h e p r o p o s e d m e t h o d i s s h o w n t o b e l i n e a r l y d e p e n d e n t t o t h e w i d t h o f t h e d a t a p a t h a n d i s r e s t r i c t e d t o f e w g a t e s . T h e p r o p o s e d m e t h o d i s m o d u l a r , i n t h e s e n s e t h a t w e c a n i s o l a t e k , k <n , b i t s o f t h e C T P T G n , t o g e n e r a t e a C T P T k , w i t h i n 2 k ( 2 k 1 ) c l o c k c y c l e s . T h i s c a n b e a c h i e v e d w i t h m i n o r h a r d w a r e o v e r h e a d a s w i l l b e s h o w n i n S e c t i o n 4 . T h u s , v a r i o u s m o d u l e s o f t h e s a m e c i r c u i t h a v i n g d i e r e n t n u m b e r o f i n p u t s c a n b e t e s t e d e c i e n t l y b y u s i n g t h e s a m e g e n e r a t o r w i t h a s l i g h t h a r d w a r e o v e r h e a d . 2 T h e P r o p o s e d M e t h o d A C T P T n g e n e r a t o r c a n b e s e e n a s a m e c h a n i s m f o r g e n e r a t i n g t h e t r a n s i t i o n s f r o m e v e r y o n e o f t h e N = 2 n b i n a r y n u m b e r s t o e v e r y o t h e r o f t h e r e m a i n i n g N 1 n u m b e r s t h u s p r o d u c i n g a s e q u e n c e o f N ( N 1 ) v e c t o r s w h e r e a l l p a i r s a r e d i s t i n c t . D E F I N I T I O N 1 : A s a k s t e p , 0 < k <N , w e d e n e t h e t r a n s i t i o n f r o m a n u m b e r a t o t h e n u m b e r b , s u c h t h a t b = ( a + k ) m o d N . D E F I N I T I O N 2 : A s a k c i r c l e w e d e n e t h e s e q u e n c e o f v e c t o r s g e n e r a t e d s t a r t i n g f r o m a S t a r t i n g V a l u e , S V , a n d p e r f o r m i n g k s t e p s u n t i l w e r e t u r n t o S V . D E F I N I T I O N 3 : A s a k d i s t a n c e p a i r w e d e n e a p a i r o f n u m b e r s ( a , b ) s u c h t h a t b = ( a + k ) m o d N . F o r a n y s p e c i c k a n d N t h e r e a r e N d i s t i n c t k d i s t a n c e p a i r s ( 0 , k m o d N ) , ( 1 , ( 1 + k ) m o d N ) , . . . , ( N 1 , ( N 1 + k ) m o d N ) . E X A M P L E 1 : F o r N = 8 , k = 3 , a n d S V = 0 , t h e 3 d i s t a n c e p a i r s a r e ( 0 , 3 ) , ( 1 , 4 ) , ( 2 , 5 ) , ( 3 , 6 ) , ( 4 , 7 ) , ( 5 , 0 ) , ( 6 , 1 ) , ( 7 , 2 ) . B y p r o p e r l y o r d e r i n g t h e s e p a i r s ( 0 , 3 ) , ( 3 , 6 ) , ( 6 , 1 ) , ( 1 , 4 ) , ( 4 , 7 ) , ( 7 , 2 ) , ( 2 , 5 ) , ( 5 , 0 ) w e g e t t h e 3 c i r c l e s t a r t i n g f r o m S V = 0 t h a t i s ( 0 , 3 , 6 , 1 , 4 , 7 , 2 , 5 , 0 ) . L e t L ( N , k ) b e t h e L e a s t C o m m o n M u l t i p l e o f N , k , a n d G ( N , k ) b e t h e G r e a t e s t C o m m o n D i v i s o r o f N , k . A s k n o w n , t h e f o l l o w i n g r e l a t i o n h o l d s : N k = L( N; k ) G( N; k ) ) L( N;k ) k = N
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